Fish assemblages and stream hydraulics: consistent relations across spatial scales and regions

General relationships between organisms and their habitat, consistent across spatial scales and regions, suggest the existence of repeatable ecological processes and are useful for the management of stream networks. From published data, we defined four guilds of European fish species with contrasting preferences for microhabitat hydraulics within stream reaches. At the scale of stream reaches and across 139 French sites (590 460 fishes sampled), we analysed how fish guild proportions were related to reach hydraulics (proportion of pools vs. riffles %POOL; median discharge by unit width Q50/W). The strongest correlations were observed between two fish guilds and %POOL (p < 0.001, r² ≥ 0.41) and between one fish guild proportion and Q50/W (p < 0.001, r² = 0.10). These reach–scale relationships were consistent across six large French basins, and consistent with the analyses made at the microhabitat scale. Therefore, microhabitat preferences for hydraulics are strong enough to generate consistent reach‐scale community responses to hydraulics across regions, despite the influence of other filters such as temperature, nutrient levels or history. The distribution of basic geomorphic features (pools, riffles) in streams and their modification (by dams, weirs and dikes) can modify the proportion of fish guilds by up to 80%, probably contributing to the long‐term decline of riffle‐dwelling species in Europe. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

采煤机液压系统油液污染监测与控制方法研究

分析引起采煤机液压系统油液污染的主要根源，在油液污染动态平衡分析的基础上，提出了实现采煤机液压系统油液污染监测和污染控制基本方法。     

小眼井最优水力学设计及分析

在充分考虑小眼井钻井特点和合理确定环空压耗的基础上，将喷射钻井理论和环空携岩理论有机结合起来，导出了在两种工作方式下优化设计小眼井钻井水力参数模型，并开发了应用软件。通过实例计算，提出了在小眼井最优水力学设计中采用最大水功率工作方式的重要性，并建议在大眼井的水力参数设计中考虑钻柱的偏心、旋转和钻杆接头对环空压耗的影响。     

较小半径溢洪弯道急流超高的研究

为了探求急流弯道的超高及其相关的影响因素,通过对较小半径弯道急流的水流现象的描述,指出较小半径弯道凹岸水流受惯性离心力和冲击力的共同作用。在此基础上,利用动量原理,推导出了较小半径弯道水流超高公式,与试验资料对比,该理论的合理性得到了证实。还讨论了弯道水流各因素同超高的关系,结果表明,弯道的超高和宽度几乎成正比,弯道的转角影响超高很大,当弯道半径越小,其超高将增加越快。     

变流场情景下基于鱼类游泳特性的上溯通道分析

水电开发对洄游性鱼类的生境造成了影响,预测目标鱼类洄游期的上溯通道可为修建过鱼设施提供依据,从而减缓其负面效应。本文选取虎渡溪航电工程的下游河段作为研究区域,将长薄鳅、白甲鱼、异鳔鳅鮀作为目标鱼类,针对几种目标鱼类的游泳能力对不同流速进行分区后,得出了适用于多种过鱼目标的流速适宜度曲线,然后对研究区域过鱼期的典型流量进行了数值模拟。根据流速适宜度曲线对研究区域的多种过鱼目标进行了流速适宜度评价,并由评价结果预测了满足多目标过鱼要求的上溯通道。结果表明：流速适宜度评价最优区域出现的位置随流量变化而有所不同,低流量运行条件下出现在主流区域,而高流量运行条件下出现在主流区域两侧;上溯的通道面积占总面积的比例也随流量变化而有所不同,低流量运行条件下的占比约为高流量运行条件下的3 ~ 4倍。根据预测通道特征,对鱼道的进口布置及电站运行调度提供了建议。该结果可为相关鱼类的保护工作提供依据。     

水压环形缝隙泄漏量的试验研究

在水压系统环形缝隙泄漏试验基础上，对圆柱形配合状态下的缝隙泄漏量进行了理论和试验对比研究，分析了两者的变化规律。得出的结果可以为水压元件的设计提供试验依据。     

水库水温分层对浮式取水口前流速分布的影响

由于目前缺乏对浮式取水口前流场变化规律的研究,以分析水库水温分层对取水口前各断面流速分布影响为目标,依据某水库水温资料,采用k-ε紊流模型对浮式取水口前流场进行三维数值模拟,针对水库水温均一和水温分层的两种情况,研究取水口前流速分布,分析水库水温分层对取水口前各断面流速分布的影响。研究结果表明,在浮式取水口附近,水温均一和水温分层的流速分布存在着差异,这种差距随着取水流量和淹没深度的增大而减小。研究成果可为浮式管型取水设施的应用和运行提供技术支持,为取水水温预测提供理论依据。     

城市水文模型原理刘家宏

城市水文过程因强烈的人类活动影响而发生了深刻变化,科学精细地模拟城市区域的产汇流过程是解析城市水问题机理的科学基础。在系统剖析城市水文模型原理的基础上,将城市复杂下垫面根据其透水特性划分为不透水单元、透水单元、半透水单元、伪透水单元、强透水单元、水域单元等六类基本单元,并构建了不同类型城市水文响应单元的水文特性曲线,基于圣维南方程组和Navier-Stokes方程提出了城市管网与河湖水系水动力学模拟的技术方案。在耦合城市水文响应单元的降水—截留—蒸发—入渗—产流模块、地表汇流模块、管网汇流模块、水系一维水动力学模块等基础上,以水循环过程为主线,将水文模型的径流输出作为城区一维管网、河道水动力模型的输入边界,实现水文模型与一维管网、河道水力学模型的集成。将单元水文模型通过城市管网和河湖水系等连接方式集成到城市水文模型系统中,弥补了现有城市雨洪模拟在水文学机理上的不足,可为城市排水防涝和海绵城市建设提供科学基础。     

Potential of microbial growth control in water hydraulic systems by UV‐irradiation and filtration

Water hydraulic systems use water as a pressure medium and, thus, do not pose such adverse environmental impacts as oil hydraulics. Microbial deterioration of the pressure medium and biofouling of the surfaces restrict the applicability of the water‐based technology. The potential of microbial growth control by UV‐irradiation and filtration was studied in a pilot‐scale water hydraulic system. The UV‐irradiation (25 m Ws cm^?2) of the pressure medium reduced the total viable counts of bacteria by 1–2 log₁₀ cfu cm^?3, whereas the total microbial cell numbers and the numbers of surface‐attached microorganisms remained unaffected. Prefiltration (1.2 µm, absolute) of the pressure medium decreased the total microbial cell number in the water phase and retarded the attachment of bacteria. The filtration during the operation (2 µm, absolute) decreased the total numbers of microbial cells and the total viable counts in the pressure medium, and microbial attachment on the surfaces. Microbial attachment was not prevented by filtration. The microbial water quality obtained by pre‐ and on‐line filtration of the pressure medium was sufficient to ensure the long‐term operation of the water hydraulic system assuming that clean work practices are complied with in assembly and during the operation. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry